Why is Antactic krill (Euphasia superba) oil on the spotlight? A systematic review

Why is Antactic krill (Euphasia superba) oil on the spotlight? A systematic review

Chemical Composition and Extraction Techniques of Krill Oil

Krill, scientifically known as Euphausia superba, is a small crustacean found in the seas of the Antarctic Ocean. Its unique lipid profile and abundance of bioactive compounds have brought krill oil into the spotlight as a promising new food ingredient and dietary supplement.

Krill oil is composed of a diverse range of lipid classes, with phospholipids (PLs) being the predominant fraction, accounting for 38.93-79.99% of the total lipids. The PL fraction is particularly rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are recognized for their numerous health benefits. In contrast to fish oils, where omega-3 fatty acids are primarily present in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs), krill oil contains a significant portion of these fatty acids bound to PLs.

The composition of krill oil can vary depending on factors such as seasonal changes, maturity level, storage conditions, and extraction techniques. Solvent-based extraction methods, which often utilize a combination of polar and non-polar solvents, are commonly employed to obtain krill oil. These techniques can significantly influence the yield and quality of the final product. Alternatively, solvent-free extraction methods, such as mechanical pressing and enzyme-assisted extraction, have been explored to provide a more environmentally friendly and gentle approach to krill oil production.

Health Benefits of Krill Oil

The unique lipid profile and presence of various bioactive compounds in krill oil have been associated with a wide range of health benefits, which have contributed to its growing popularity.

Cardiovascular Health

Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of krill oil in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The high content of EPA and DHA, along with the presence of PLs, has been shown to positively impact lipid profiles by lowering triglyceride levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The anti-inflammatory properties of krill oil components may also contribute to its cardioprotective effects.

Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects

Krill oil has been investigated for its ability to modulate inflammatory processes, which are implicated in various chronic conditions. The omega-3 fatty acids, as well as the antioxidant astaxanthin, have been found to exert anti-inflammatory actions. Additionally, the bioavailability of EPA and DHA from krill oil has been suggested to provide neuroprotective benefits, potentially aiding in the management of neurological disorders.

Women’s Health

Krill oil has garnered attention for its potential in addressing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menopausal symptoms. The combination of omega-3 fatty acids, PLs, and other bioactive compounds in krill oil may help alleviate both physical and emotional symptoms associated with PMS. Furthermore, krill oil has been studied for its ability to improve cerebrovascular function in postmenopausal women, which can contribute to cognitive and overall health.

Metabolic Health and Liver Function

Krill oil has demonstrated promising effects in the management of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by specific krill oil components, including 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE), has been linked to improvements in lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and reduction of hepatic steatosis.

Emerging Research and Future Prospects

While the existing research on krill oil has uncovered its impressive health benefits, there is still a need to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects. Ongoing studies are exploring the specific roles of individual krill oil components, such as PLs, EPA, DHA, and astaxanthin, in mediating the observed biological activities.

Additionally, the development of innovative extraction techniques and the exploration of alternative krill species, such as the North Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica), may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds and the optimization of krill oil production. The high content of 8-HEPE in E. pacifica oil, for instance, has garnered attention for its potent activation of PPARs and potential benefits in metabolic health.

As the scientific community continues to unravel the complexities of krill oil’s composition and its multifaceted health effects, the future holds promising applications for this marine-derived ingredient in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. With a growing understanding of its mechanisms of action and the exploration of diverse krill sources, krill oil is set to remain in the spotlight as a versatile and promising natural product for various health-promoting applications.

Practical Applications and Current Utilization

Krill oil is currently available as a dietary supplement in various forms, including capsules, soft gels, and gummies. These products are widely distributed in the global market, with a strong presence in the United States and European countries. The recognition of krill oil’s health benefits, along with its GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and approval as a novel food by the European Food Safety Authority, have contributed to its commercial success.

Manufacturers are also exploring the incorporation of krill oil into functional food formulations, leveraging its unique lipid composition and bioactive properties. For instance, krill oil-enriched products have been developed, combining the benefits of krill oil with other complementary ingredients, such as probiotics, vitamin D, and conjugated linoleic acid.

The versatility of krill oil extends beyond its direct consumption as a supplement or food ingredient. Ongoing research is investigating the potential applications of krill oil in various fields, including the development of cosmeceuticals, pharmaceutical preparations, and even as a source of valuable byproducts, such as high-value proteins and chitin.

As the demand for natural, sustainable, and health-promoting ingredients continues to grow, the spotlight on krill oil is likely to intensify, leading to further advancements in its extraction, purification, and integration into a wide range of products that cater to the evolving needs of consumers.

Conclusion

Antarctic krill oil has emerged as a highly attractive and versatile natural product, capturing the attention of researchers, health-conscious consumers, and the food industry alike. Its unique lipid profile, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, phospholipids, and other bioactive compounds, has been linked to a wide range of health benefits, including cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotection, and metabolic regulation.

The ongoing exploration of extraction techniques and the investigation of alternative krill species, such as the North Pacific krill, have further expanded the potential of krill oil as a source of novel bioactive compounds and optimization of production processes. As the scientific community continues to unravel the underlying mechanisms responsible for krill oil’s diverse health effects, the future holds promising applications for this marine-derived ingredient in various industries, from food and supplements to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The growing popularity and commercialization of krill oil products, along with the recognition of its health-promoting properties, have firmly placed this unique marine oil in the spotlight, solidifying its position as a valuable natural resource with significant potential for improving human well-being.

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